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F. B. NICHOLS.

RADIATING BLUE.

Patented Nov. 14, 1882.

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j D Y STATES Aram trice.

FREDERIC B. NICHOLS, OF HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA, ASSIGNOR OFONE-HALF TO CA'IEICART THOMSON, OF SAME PLACE.

RADlATlNG-FLUE.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 267,362, dated November14, 1882.

Application filed February 21, 1882.

To all whom fit may concern Be it known that I, FREDERIC BoorH .NICH-oLs, a citizen of the United States, residing at Halifax, in the countyof Halifax and Province of Nova Scotia, Dominion of Canada, haveinvented new and useful Improvements in Radiating-Flues, of whichthefollowingis a specification, illustrated in the accompanyingdrawings, in which- 1o Figure l is a vertical section on the longer Yhorizontal axis of the at iiue, the arrows showing the direction takenby the draft through the different parts of the apparatus. Fig. 2 is acorresponding` section, showing dampers in main iues closed, shuttingoff the draft from the fiat iiue, and damper in connecting-pipe orwaste-flue open, with arrows showing draft through it, the lid in theupper main iiue being open for cleaning the flat flue. Fig. 3 is a zovertical view on the short axis of the dat dues arranged in series.Figs. 4 and 5 are plan views of the upper and lower main fines,respectively. Figs. 6 and 7 show the direction the draft would takethrough dat dues open- 25 ing direct from and to main tlues.

My invention relates to improvements in radiating-fines or hot-air iiuesfor heating one or more apartments by direct radiation into them, or topreviously heating the air that is afterward conveyed to the apartmentsto be heated 5 and it consists of one or a series of flat iiues with apiece at the bottom which diverges on the longest side and converges onthe narrow side as it rises upward from its connection with the mainflue that proceeds direct from the combustion-chamber, whether it be astove or a furnace, the top ofthe dat flue being surmounted by a piecethe counterpart ofthe lower one, but which, beinginverted, converges onthe 4o long side and diverges on the short side toward its connectionwith the main ue above. These main iues are connected by a pipe or iiueof sufficient capacity to carry ot't` all the products ofconibustion,anditis provided with adamper.

Both the lower and upper mainV fines are likewise provided with dainpersplaced between the connecting pipe or flue and the openings leading to`the dat lues, and the upper main flue has a door or lid immediately overthe (No model.)

opening from the flat Hue-or if a series of 5o them are used over andalong the entire length of them-for the purpose of brushing off thesoot, thelower main iiue having a door for removing'it.

So far as I am aware, in all previous arrangements for heating by meansof the radiation from pipes, fines, or drums conveying away theproduct-s of combustion their area of capacity or cubic contents hasbeen in all cases very great as compared with the area of radiating- 6osurface presented, and where narrow or iiat tlnes giving relativelylarger radiating-surfaces have been used, that soon become covered withsoot, it' notchoked by it, no convenient provision had been made forcleaning them while combustion was going on, being an obstacle so greatas to preclude their use. Likewise in hot-air furnaces, from the samecauses, the amount of radiating-surface is so limited that recourse mustbe had to very high temperature 7o in order to make them effective, theheat frequently being great enough to partly deoXidize the air and burnthe organic matter floating in it, giving rise to disagreeable andunhealthy products, so much so that other means for heatingbuildingsarefastsupplantingthein. Furthermore, by all of the methodsheretofore used a great portion of the hot products of combustion passoff and out of the chimney, without producing any result, by radiation.

All the disadvantages referred to are in# tended to be obviated by myimproved flues, which present a very large area of radiatingsurface ascom pared with theirinternal capacity-as, for example, around pipesixinches in 85 diameter, having an internal area of capacity of 28.27square inches, presents only 18.84 square inches of radiating-surfaceper inch in height, whereas a flat iiue three-fourths of an inch betweenits walls by 37.69 inches, which 9o will give the same internalcapacity, will present 76.78 square inches of surface per inch inheight, being a fraction over four times as much, and this increases ingreat ratio with an increase in the diameter ot' the pipe. Thus 95 around pipe twelve inches in diameter, having an internal capacity of113.09 square inches, presents only 37.69 square inches of surfaceperinch in height. A hat hue three-fourths of` au inch between itswalls, havingthe same in-y ternal capacity, presents 303.06 squareinches of surface per inch in height, or eight times as much.

It will be seen that under the usual conditions of burning fuel forwarming buildings a vast volume of'hot vapors passes off', the greaterpart of' it not coming in contact with the radiating-hues at all, andconsequently producing no effect, all of which is made available forradiation in my system. As it is obvious that hues with a space of onlythree-fourths of' an inch between their walls would become so clogged asio stop the draft if not frequently cleaned, a very convenient means fordoing it while combustion is going on has been provided.

The hat hues, when intended for direct radiation into the room to bewarmed, are best made of' sheet-iron, and for anthracite or coke neednot be more than three-quarters of' an inch between the walls, and forbituminous coal need not exceed one inch. As it would beinconvenient tomake so narrow a hue with capacity equal to a pipe of' even six inchesin diameter, it is advisable to obtain the required capacity byemploying a number ofl them. Twelve or fifteen inches in longest axiswill be found the most convenient size for most purposes. The height maybe more or less, according to the height of the apartment in which itisplaced. Room enough must always be left between the top and theceilingto conveniently clean the hues.

1n Figs. 6 and 7 the arrows show the direction taken by the draft whenentering and leaving narrow hat hues relatively long in the otherhorizontal axis, when their openings communicate directly with the mainhues. The disposition, as proved by experiment, is to take the mostdirect course, thus avoiding the spaces 0c y, leaving them nearly cold.This unequal distribution of the draft is avoided by the formor, moreproperly, the internal conditions---ofI the parts connecting the hathues with the lower and upper main hues, which, to distinguish them, maybe called draft-distributers,77 and form an essential feature of myinvention. These draftdistributers m u, where they enter the main hues dIt, should be short parallelograms, as seen in Fig. 5, and the longestside should correspond with the long side ofthe hat hue g. They shouldhave a nipple or other means of' connecting with the main hues, and fromthese nipples diverge on the long side and converge on the short side totheirjuncture with the hat hue, where another nipple or other means ofconnecting them with the hat hue should be provided. Thedraft-distributcrs should have a capacity at their opening into the mainhues somewhat larger than the capacity of a cross-section of' the hathue to insure their conveying suhcient current to completely sweepthrough their whole space. The main hues should, for the same reason,have somewhat greater capacity in their transverse section than thecombined capacity of' all the hat hues of a series on a horizontalsection of' them. The main hues should be connected by a pipe or hue, b,that may be called the waste-hue.7 This wastehue should have a damper,c, and both the lower and upper main hues should have dam pers e iplaced between the waste-hue and the draft-distribnters. These dampersmay bc madein any of' the usual forms that are most convenient, whichwill depend in great measure on the size of the whole apparatus. For themain hues, hinging them at the bottom, as shown in the drawings, will belt'ound a convenient method.

In first kindling a fire the damper c in the waste-hue must be open togive a free passage to the products of combustion, and all communicationwith the hat hues cut off by closing dampers c t' in the main hues, asthe tar and other products ofthe combustion of' wood cannot be removedafter collecting on the hathues, and would soon injure them in manyways. When the hre gets thoroughly kindled the dampers e t' should firstbe opened, and then damper c closed. This will soon heat the hat hues,which will give out a large amount of' radiated heat, but of no greatintensity, as their combined capacity should be considerably rnore thandouble what would be necessary to carry 0E all the products of' combustion, but should not be so largely in excess as to reduce the hot vaporsso low in temperature as to stop the draft. These hat hues are soeffective that in practice I have found the same calorific effectsproduced with one-half' the fuel necessary to produce the sametemperature for the same length of time when the draft was conducteddirectly oh' to the chimney by the waste-hue, which my experiments haveproved to be literally a. waste-hue, and that is the condition presentedin all usual apparatus for heating purposes. i

Then it is necessary to clean the hat hues the damper c in thewaste-flue is opened and the dampers e t' in the main hues are closed,as shown in Fig. 2, which shutting oh all coinmuiiication with the fireon that side, the door or lid t over the hat hues can be opened, and asuitable brush with a long handle is inserted to brush down the soot,which is afterward removed by opening the lower door or lid, k. This canbe done at any time, even when vigorous combustion is going on. Garemust be taken to have these doors tightly closed before turning on thedraft again to the hat hues, which should be donc before shutting damperc.

Then attached to a stove to be used for direct radiation the main huesshould be made in the form seen in Figs. 4 and 5. In using these hues incombination with a large furnace for heating the air that is afterwardconducted to different parts of the building in the usual way the wholeapparatus (including the waste-hue) should be incased, and have thepipes or hues for the egress of warm air so arranged in connection withthe aperture for the admission of cold air as to diffuse it uniformlyIOU IOS

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up through the spaces between and around internalconditions as whenmadeot1 sheet-iron,

the hot tlues that carry away the products of combustion. Whatever meansare used to incase the hot lines, provision should be made.

that easy access can be had to the dampers and to 'the doors or lids forcleaning the iiues and regulating the draft.`

Instead of the waste-Hue eXtendin g below, as shown in the drawings, themain Hue d should he longer and wider, as shown by the dotted lines,extending beyond, and communicate direct with the furnace, or, betterstill, with a lire-brick chamber back of the bridge-wall. The upper mainue, h, should likewise be wider to allow ot' two or more waste-dues toconnect them7 if greater capacity is required or it' it offer anyconvenience. If the number be increased, they should each have a damper,and then become the equivalents ot' b and c in the combination. Theiiues and other parts for this purpose may be of cast-iron, with thesame and in other respectsconform to the same conditions.

Having fully described my invention, what I claim as new, and desire tosecure by Letters Patent, is-

The door or lid a, im mediately over the opening into thedraft-distributcr n, surmounting a thin tlat ue and door, k, incombination with dampers t' and e, arranged as described, so as tocompletely isolate the draft-distributers m and n and the thin at flue gfrom the flue b for the purpose of cleaning thethin flat lines anddrat't-distributers while combustion is going on in the stove or furnaceto which the said parts are attached, all in the manner and for thepurpose herein specified.

FREDERIC BOOTH NICHOLS.

Vitnesses FREDERICK SUMMERs, DAVID BOUTILIER.

